Freedom was not just confined to physical enslavement, but mental enslavement as well, bound in the laws that barred enslaved people from receiving an education in Southern states, writes scholar Rodney Coates.
The establishment of the fraternity was a major step for Black men at the Indiana University, where segregation rules prevented them from participating in many of the school’s organizations.
While her activities as a Civil War spy are less well known, her devotion to America and its promise of freedom endured despite suffering decades of enslavement and second-class citizenship.