Beshear, 48, is widely expected to make a presidential run in 2028, and did not rule out a bid when members of the audience at a Washington event asked how he would govern if he won the presidency.
A Department of Labor final rule means millions of salaried workers who are employed in the executive, administrative or professional industries will become eligible for overtime pay.
While Republicans have relentlessly attacked the plan as a "bailout," Wednesday's separate resolution forced vulnerable Democrats up for reelection in 2024 to take a public stance on the issue.